"We Saw Extraterrestrial Spaceships Spotted In Saturn’s Rings," NASA Scientists Reveal
All UFO and extraterrestrial fans are familiar with Dr. Norman Bergrun. He is a physicist, engineer, and former employee of NASA.
His book reveals that huge extraterrestrial spaceships parked between Saturn’s rings pose a threat to Earth and the rest of the solar system.
After 12 years as a consultant to the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, Dr. Bergrun was employed at Lockheed Missiles and Space Company for more than 13 years.
He believes that the large electromagnetic vehicles (EMVs)...
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After two failed attempts, NASA has successfully launched the Space Launch System, a Moon-bound megarocket that will travel beyond the far side of the Moon and back – further than any other habitable spacecraft so far.
The Artemis 1 mission is the first step in NASA’s plan to return to the Moon after 50 years and eventually travel to Mars in the 2030s.
The rocket lifted off from NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida at 06:48 UTC on Wednesday, November 16, 2022.
NASA announced at 0657 UTC that the SLS rocket had reached the main engine cutoff point in the mission timeline. The RS-25 engines shut down, and the core stage separated.
The solar arrays will be deployed next, allowing the rocket to be powered by the Sun.
The unmanned test flight will travel 64,000 kilometers (40,000 miles) beyond the Moon’s far side.
The mission will last 25 days, 11 hours, and 36 minutes. The Space Launch System (SLS) will return to Earth on December 11, 2022, after traveling a total distance of 2.09 million kilometers (1.3 million miles).
This is the first of a series of increasingly complex missions aimed at returning humans to the Moon for the first time since December 1972.
The new SLS rocket being used is the most powerful rocket NASA has ever launched, and it will not only travel to the Moon – further than any human-built spacecraft has ever flown – but will also deploy some small satellites.
Mannequins, artifacts, mementos, and zero-gravity indicators will be on board the Orion Crew Capsule.
The goal is to practice spacecraft operation and crew conditions to ensure that the spacecraft is safe for future crew.
NASA plans to launch Artemis 2, the first crewed Artemis mission, into space in 2024 using an upgraded version of the Space Launch System rocket (assuming the spacesuits are ready).
Artemis 3 is scheduled to launch in 2025, with the goal of landing the first woman and first person of color near the Moon’s south pole.
In 2027, the Artemis 4 mission will take astronauts to a mini-lunar station called Gateway.
Just over 300 light-years away is a star that’s a lot like a very young version of our Sun, with multiple exoplanets orbiting it. That’s an interesting find in itself. But what makes the system truly dazzling is that it just became the first of its kind to be directly imaged, planets and all.
On the night of 16 February 2020, astronomers using the Very Large Telescope in Chile were able to obtain direct observations of two enormous exoplanets on extremely large orbits around the star named TYC 8998-760-1.
Directly imaging exoplanets is challenging, to say the least. They are very dim compared to their host stars, and very far away from us. Most of the over 4,000 exoplanets confirmed to date have only been detected via indirect means – such as faint, regular dips in the star’s light as the exoplanet passes in front of it, or a slight wobble in the star’s position due to the exoplanet’s gravity.
Because these signals are easier to detect when the planet is very large and very close to the star, the majority of confirmed exoplanets are large and on close orbits. But exoplanets on very close orbits are difficult to image directly, because they tend to be vastly outshone by their host stars; and distantly orbiting planets in older systems are too cool for infrared detection.
To date, only a few tens of exoplanets have been directly imaged, and only two other multi-planet systems – both around stars very different from the Sun.
But last year, using direct imaging, a team of astronomers led by Alexander Bohn of Leiden University in the Netherlands found an unusual planet orbiting TYC 8998-760-1.
It was a gas giant around 14 times the mass of Jupiter, orbiting the star at a distance of around 160 astronomical units. To put that in perspective, Pluto orbits the Sun at an average distance of 39 astronomical units.
So Bohn and his colleagues decided to take a closer look, using the Very Large Telescope’s exoplanet-imaging SPHERE instrument. They took several observations over the last year, and added them to data dating back to 2017.
When all the data were put together, they held a surprise. Clear and bright, there was the exoplanet they expected to see, TYC 8998-760-1 b. But, at a much greater distance of 320 astronomical units, the astronomers found another bright dot.
Careful analysis and comparison of images taken at different times revealed this wasn’t a star or glitch, but a second, smaller exoplanet, clocking in at about six times the mass of Jupiter. It’s been named TYC 8998-760-1 c.
"Our team has now been able to take the first image of two gas giant companions that are orbiting a young, solar analogue," said astronomer Maddalena Reggiani of KU Leuven in Belgium.
Such images aren’t just wonderful achievements of science and technology, they can also help us to better understand planetary systems.
For one thing, TYC 8998-760-1 is young, only 16.7 million years old. Studying the exoplanets that orbit young Sun-like stars can give us valuable insight into the formation of planetary systems like our own.
The orbital distance the team detected is already quite interesting, because one model of planetary system formation posits that giant planets form at a distance before migrating inwards towards their host star.
For another, direct images of exoplanets can help us in the search for habitability. Detailed spectroscopic images – breaking down the spectrum of light reflected off an exoplanet – can reveal the presence of an atmosphere, and even the composition of that atmosphere. Photometry, or studying the exoplanets’ brightness and variability thereof, can reveal information about cloud cover and abundance.
We’re not quite at that stage yet, but future instruments, such as the James Webb Space Telescope, and the European Southern Observatory’s ground based Extremely Large Telescope, ought to be sensitive enough to start making such detections.
And they might even be able to find smaller, closer planets in this system that SPHERE may have missed.
"The possibility that future instruments, such as those available on the Extremely Large Telescope, will be able to detect even lower-mass planets around this star marks an important milestone in understanding multi-planet systems, with potential implications for the history of our own Solar System," Bohn said.
Astronomers are puzzled by the strange behavior of certain crooked star clusters, which appear to defy gravity’s conventional understanding.
Massive star clusters are typically bound together in spirals at the center of galaxies. Some of these clusters are classified as open star clusters, which are formed in a relatively short period of time when stars ignite in a massive cloud of gas.
During this process, loose stars accumulate in a pair of "tidal tails," one of which is being pulled behind, while the other moves ahead.
"According to Newton’s laws of gravity, it’s a matter of chance in which of the tails a lost star ends up," Jan Pflamm-Altenburg of the University of Bonn in Germany, co-author of a new paper published in the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, in a statement. "So both tails should contain about the same number of stars."
However, some of their recent findings appear to defy conventional physics.
"However, in our work we were able to prove for the first time that this is not true," Pflamm-Altenburg added. "In the clusters we studied, the front tail always contains significantly more stars nearby to the cluster than the rear tail."
Matter of fact, their new findings are much more consistent with a different theory known as "Modified Newtonian Dynamics" (MOND).
"Put simply, according to MOND, stars can leave a cluster through two different doors," Pavel Kroupa, Pflamm-Altenburg’s colleague at the University of Bonn and lead author, explained in the statement. "One leads to the rear tidal tail, the other to the front."
"However, the first is much narrower than the second — so it’s less likely that a star will leave the cluster through it," he added. "Newton’s theory of gravity, on the other hand, predicts that both doors should be the same width."
Taking MOND into account, the researchers’ simulations could explain a lot. For one thing, they imply that open star clusters live for much shorter periods of time than Newton’s laws of physics predict.
"This explains a mystery that has been known for a long time," Kroupa explained. "Namely, star clusters in nearby galaxies seem to be disappearing faster than they should."
However, not everyone agrees that Newton’s laws should be replaced with MOND, which has the potential to shake the foundations of physics.
"It’s somewhat promising, but it does not provide completely definitive evidence for MOND," University of Saint Andrews research fellow Indranil Banik told New Scientist. "This asymmetry does make more sense in MOND, but in any individual cluster there could be other effects that are causing it — it’s a bit unlikely that would happen in all of them, though."
Most of us learned in school that the planets are in the following order: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, and (until 2006) Pluto.
As a result, you could be forgiven for thinking that our closest planetary neighbor is Venus. In some ways, you’d be correct: Venus comes closer to Earth than any other planet in the Solar System. Similarly, its orbit is closer to ours than any other. However, you would be incorrect in another sense. At least, that is the argument put forward in an article published in Physics Today.
Engineers from NASA, Los Alamos National Observatory, and the US Army’s Engineer Research Development Center created a computer simulation to calculate Earth’s average proximity to its three nearest planets (Mars, Venus, and Mercury) over a 10,000-year period. The model shows that Earth spends more time closer to Mercury than either Venus or Mars due to the way the planets align during their respective orbits.
"In other words, Mercury is closer to Earth, on average, than Venus is because it orbits the Sun more closely," the authors explain.
It’s not just Earth, after all. Further calculations show that all seven planets (except Mercury) spend the majority of their orbits closer to "the Winged Messenger" than any other planet. Seems impossible? This is how they figured it out.
The findings are based on a technique known as the point-circle method (PCM), which is essentially a mathematical equation that takes two planets’ orbits as circular, concentric, and coplanar, and calculates the average distance between them as they orbit the sun.
"From the PCM, we noticed that the distance between two orbiting bodies is at a minimum when the inner orbit is at a minimum," the authors explain.
"That observation results in what we call the whirly-dirly corollary (named after an episode of the cartoon Rick and Morty): For two bodies with roughly coplanar, concentric, circular orbits, the average distance between the two bodies decreases as the radius of the inner orbit decreases."
"It’s clear from this corollary, and from the table, that Mercury (average orbital radius of 0.39 AU), not Venus (average radius of 0.72 AU), is the closest planet to Earth on average." (AU is astronomical units, the distance between Earth and the Sun.)
They created a computer simulation that tracked the positions of all four planets over a 10,000-year period and calculated the average distance between them to test their hypothesis. The results of this simulation differed by a staggering 300 percent from traditional calculations (determined by subtracting the average radius of the inner orbit from the average radius of the outer orbit). However, they differed from the PCM calculations by a negligible 1%.
It found that the average distance between Earth and Venus was 1.136 astronomical units (0.28 on the "old method"). In comparison, the average distance between Earth and Mercury was 1.039 astronomical units (0.61 on the "old method").
The hypothesis has yet to be submitted to a peer-reviewed paper and will no doubt be put through a thorough cross-examination by experts in the field, but the authors have already noted some possible uses for their newly-devised PCM equation.
"With the right assumptions, PCM could possibly be used to get a quick estimate of the average distance between any set of orbiting bodies," the authors write.
"Perhaps it can be useful for quickly estimating satellite communication relays, for which signal strength falls off with the square of distance. In any case, at least we know now that Venus is not our closest neighbor – and that Mercury is everybody’s."
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