Jeff Bezos' leadership style propelled him to become one of the richest men in the world. Here's what you can learn from it.

• Amazon is considered to be one of the most valuable brands in the world.
• Former CEO Jeff Bezos, who stepped down in late 2021, led with a slogan of step ferociously.
• A professor who's studied him said that courage and curiosity are hallmarks of his style.

Since the passing of Steve Jobs, Jeff Bezos has cemented himself as the tech world's philosopher-in-chief. 

After he predicted that ecommerce was about to take off, Bezos founded Amazon as an online book retailer in 1994. A pioneer of aggressive digital growth and focus on total customer satisfaction, "the everything store" under Bezos' guidance has become one of the highest-valued companies in the world in terms of market capitalization, revenue, and brand. 

Bezos stepped down from his role as CEO and president of Amazon in late 2021, but still remains the owner of aerospace company Blue Origin as well as the newspaper The Washington Post. His net worth is estimated at around $122 billion. 

So how do you go from zero to richest man in the world? Experts believe that his distinct leadership style has a lot to do with it.

The 14 principles

Amazon famously has 14 leadership principles that form the backbone of the company and its decision-making, including "customer obsession," "invent and simplify," "bias for action," and "have backbone; disagree and commit," among others. These values highlight Bezos' belief that a strong set of principles goes a long way to achieving success, and leaders need to be held accountable to high standards.

In a letter to shareholders back in 1998, he said that "setting the bar high in our approach to hiring has been, and will continue to be, the single most important element of Amazon.com's success." According to the man himself, the value that "surprises people" is Amazon's fourth leadership principle: "are right, a lot."

"Good leaders are right a lot," Bezos said at the 2016 Pathfinder Awards in Seattle. "You're not going to be right all the time, but I think with practice you can be right more often."

Courage, curiosity, and putting the customer first 

Bezos has gotten a lot of things right, Sydney Finkelstein, a Dartmouth University professor and the host of the business podcast "The Sydcast," told Insider. "His unwritten philosophy is courage and curiosity, which I found to be to the real hallmark of pretty much every great leader that I work with or study," Finkelstein said.

In an interview with Insider in 2018, Bezos said that his time on his grandparents' ranch taught him the "super important" lesson of being resourceful. "If there's a problem, there's a solution," he said. Finkelstein said that Bezos' resourcefulness manifests itself in curiosity, as he maintained a continuous focus on developing new and better ideas that were critical to Amazon's culture. 

A prime example of this is the empty chair Bezos was said to often leave in executive meetings to represent the customer. This exercise was, to Bezos, a study in the quest for customer satisfaction, where not only should the customer's perspective be accounted for, but it should be understood that the customer is "the most important person in the room."

He also maintained the email address Jeff@amazon.com and is said to forward customer feedback to relevant executives for action. The loyalty is a two-way street, with Amazon consistently placed at or near the top of the University of Michigan's annual retail customer-satisfaction survey.

"We don't focus on the optics of the next quarter; we focus on what is going to be good for customers," Bezos told Forbes in 2012. "We are comfortable planting seeds and waiting for them to grow into trees."

Intelligent delegation and taking smart risks

Finkelstein said that one of the key challenges for Amazon was that it was competing alongside Bezos' other interests for the CEO's "mindshare." 

He managed his interests by empowering his leadership team. "Bezos is a big delegator," Finkelstein said. "More than that, he's willing to go with other people's ideas, even if he thinks that they might not be the right one. If they are argued well enough, he will accept them, and if they go wrong, they are under control. That's highly unusual for a leader of a company of this size."

Finkelstein added that Amazon has taken "sizable chances" on diversifying its offerings, such as expanding into streaming with Amazon Prime and food delivery service Amazon Restaurants. "But when they don't work, like Amazon Restaurants, they fold them. It costs some money, but they're not afraid to do it."

Bezos' ability to build the right team around him has been a big part of his culture of success, Finkelstein said — and will be critical as he moves from being the disrupter to the disrupted and businesses target Amazon's customer base with product innovations, growth opportunities, and better business propositions.

Notable figures who have formed part of his 20-strong executive team include former Prime boss Greg Greeley, who moved to Airbnb in 2018 after 18 years with the company. (Greeley joined several other executives in a 2018 exodus from Amazon, which famously had very little turnover during its massive growth years but is now a prime poaching ground for talent.) 

"It is typical for companies as they get bigger and more successful and find that they have more to lose, that they tend to become more conservative," Finkelstein said. "That's why big companies tend to be the ones to get disrupted, because they start to be afraid. What's really unusual in Amazon, and something that it has evolved over time, is that as they get bigger, their innovation has accelerated."

Relentless use of data

Bezos is known to use the word relentless, well, relentlessly. Alongside his focus on the customer, what he calls the "culture of metrics" underpins his decision making. 

It's been said that Amazon tracks its performance against around 500 measurable goals — some 80% of which relate to customer objectives. The way Amazon uses data has also been transformational and set a benchmark for companies in the digital age. 

Rejecting the classic marketing models of customer persona groups, such as "millennial moms," the company focuses on personalization of experience and technical rigor. For example, the company's metrics revealed that 0.1-second delay in the loading of a page equals a "1% drop in customer activity," according to a 2012 Forbes article on Bezos, so staff are dedicated to work on improving the loading rate.

But these relentless metrics have a price. Amazon has recently been criticized and accused of pushing its employees beyond limits, with examples emerging of workers forgoing bathroom breaks for fear of interfering with productivity stats and warehouse employees even being told to return to work after a colleague died. In response, Amazon raised its minimum wage and challenged other companies to do the same.

White-collar Amazon workers are similarly pushed to find new limits of productivity, with Bezos himself even telling potential hires that "it's not easy to work here." Amazon is metrically driven, and employees have been known to receive 50-plus-page printouts the day before meetings and be cold-called for quizzes on the numbers contained in them, The New York Times reported in 2015. Office employees have also complained of punishing performance reviews and a culture where nothing ever feels done or good enough.

Finkelstein questioned whether such problems with lower-level workplace culture are due to a misinterpretation of Bezos' philosophy down the line. "Sometimes lower-level supervisors believe they are embracing senior leadership philosophy and act in ways that are clearly inappropriate and not at all consistent with the actual leadership philosophy," he said.

'Two pizza' meetings and other efficiency rules

Bezos is said to avoid meetings unless they're absolutely necessary. When they're unavoidable, he employs a "two pizza rule," where he won't have a meeting where two pizzas couldn't feed the entire room. This is because he believes that the more people in the meeting, the less productive it is.

"No PowerPoints are used inside of Amazon," Bezos has said. Meetings require a six-page "narratively structured" memo that are read in silence at the start of any gathering. "It has real sentences, and topic sentences, and verbs, and nouns — it's not just bullet points," he added. Bezos told the George W. Bush Presidential Center's 2018 Forum that the memos are supposed to "create the context for what will then be a good discussion," and that ultimately, they teach the writers about finding the right scope as well as the discipline of drafting and reconsidering ideas.

What sets Bezos apart is how he balances his penchant for efficiency with the courage and curiosity that Finkelstein said is central to everything he does. 

"Wandering is an essential counterbalance to efficiency," Bezos wrote in a letter to shareholders earlier this year. For employees at Amazon's Seattle headquarters, this means continuing to look for out-of-the-box opportunities, which The Atlantic's Franklin Foer said allows them "intellectual autonomy." Once they believe in an idea, employees are encouraged to put it into a "six-pager" for a "two pizza" meeting approval. 

The power of 'blind alleys'

Another key pillar of Amazon's culture is the "blind alley" approach to innovation. The thinking goes that you reach a dead end when ideas fail, but if customers embrace a new way of doing things, the blind alley opens up into a "huge, broad avenue." 

The theory is based on Bezos' overarching belief in paying attention to what customers want rather than what everyone else is doing. Or, as he put it in 2004, "If you're watching your competitors, you're unlikely to invent a bunch of stuff on your own." 

While the "blind alley" strategy has seen some failures, such as the Amazon Fire smartphone that lasted for one year and is believed to have cost the company $170 million, it's also seen some huge rewards, such as Amazon Web Services, the signature cloud-computing platform that made in excess of $25 billion in 2018 alone. 

Maintaining a 'day one' mindset

Finkelstein said that another key feature of Bezos' stewardship is that he's a digital native as opposed to a digital immigrant.

"The important leadership mindset that has enabled Amazon to its success is the day-one and day-two mindset — and he calls it this internally as well," Finkelstein said. "Bezos is talking about establishing systems and processes, building out structures that every company has to do to survive and succeed. The problem is that the more you build up these systems and processes to fit the world you're in, the more difficult it becomes to maintain the day-one mindset."

Bezos ran elements of Amazon like a startup, such as being notoriously frugal when it came to company expenses. There are no hammocks or free meals like you might see at some other internet giants, and none of the executives fly first class (though Bezos has been known for buying a private jet on his own dime).

"When your DNA is day two — which Bezos refers to as established systems, processes, and building out structures that fit the world you are in — it's very, very hard to convert it back to day one," Finkelstein added. A good example of a day-two mindset is Walmart, which has been playing catch-up to Amazon in trying to become a major player in ecommerce.

"Bezos still thinks as though he's running a startup," Finkelstein said. "He maintains an innovative mindset and creative leadership."

This article was originally published on Insider December 11, 2019. It has been updated with new information.