Greenland features numerous mineral deposits, but mining there poses many challenges.
Lumina, Greenland's sole fully operational mine, extracts anorthosite in tough Arctic conditions.
Lumina's year-round operations serve as a blueprint for advancing Greenland's mining industry.
Greenland is believed to hold significant deposits of critical raw materials, including valuable rare-earth elements. Mining them, however, is another story.
Harsh Arctic conditions, limited infrastructure, and strict environmental regulations are among the many factors that make mining in Greenland so difficult and costly.
In fact, Greenland has more than 1,200 identified mineral sites, but only one fully operational mine — Lumina Sustainable Materials in Western Greenland.
Lumina extracts anorthosite, which is not a rare-earth metal, but the mine's ability to function year-round serves as a blueprint for advancing Greenland's mining operations.
For now, China produces most of the world's rare earths, a group of 17 metals essential for building electronics and military equipment such as fighter jets and missiles.
While President Donald Trump has repeatedly expressed his desire to acquire Greenland for its strategic Arctic location to bolster national and international security, Greenland's untapped supply of rare earths would also prove valuable to US interests.
However, just because those resources are there doesn't mean they're readily extractable.
Business Insider visited Lumina in June to explore why Greenland remains such a difficult place to mine — and what life is like for miners in one of the toughest environments on Earth.
See our trip to Greenland in the video below. Keep reading for an inside look at Lumina.
Greenland's only fully operational mine, Lumina, is located in the remote Qaqortorsuaq mountain in Western Greenland.An aerial view of Lumina on Greenland's west coast.
Mark Adam Miller
It's accessible only by helicopter or an 8-hour boat ride from Greenland's capital city, Nuuk.The boat ride to Lumina.
Mark Adam Miller
"The mine is totally isolated," managing director Bent Olsvig Jensen told Business Insider. "There's no infrastructure supporting us."A mining site at Lumina.
Mark Adam Miller
Lumina first began looking for minerals in 2008, but the mine didn't become fully operational until 11 years later, in 2019.Mining facilities at Lumina.
Mark Adam Miller
Lumina extracts anorthosite, a rock that contains minerals used in paints, glass fibers, and construction materials.A close-up of anorthosite.
Mark Adam Miller
The process involves blasting 10,000 tons of explosives at a time to fragment the hard rock into manageable pieces.Mining at Lumina.
Lumina
Because the mine is so remote, replacing a critical piece of equipment can take days or even weeks if it's not readily available — and sometimes means the operation has to pause.Miners at work at Lumina.
Mark Adam Miller
Miners work seven days a week, 12 hours a day, on four-week rotations, meaning they spend half the year at the mine and half at home.A miner on the job at Lumina.
Lumina
Temperatures at the mine can drop to -30 degrees Celsius, or around -22 degrees Fahrenheit. Winter storms and winds can force production to halt for the miners' safety.Miners at Lumina work in frigid temperatures.
Lumina
They live on-site at Lumina's base camp.Lumina's base camp.
Mark Adam Miller
Each miner's room has its own bathroom with a shower, a desk, a closet, and curtains to block out the midnight sun in the summertime.Palle Dyg Koch in his room at Lumina.
Mark Adam Miller
Chef Palle Dyg Koch prepares meals for the 25 people living and working at the mine.Palle Dyg Koch in the kitchen at Lumina.
Mark Adam Miller
Miners eat in shifts in Lumina's dining hall.The dining hall at Lumina.
Mark Adam Miller
There's also a common living area where workers enjoy playing darts.Miners at Lumina play darts in a common area.
Mark Adam Miller
In 2025, Lumina secured the necessary license to conduct expeditions to search for rare earths, which are difficult to extract and process because they're often mixed with other minerals.One of Lumina's roadways in the wilderness of Western Greenland.
Mark Adam Miller
More difficult to mine than anorthosite, rare earths are also more valuable as materials crucial to powering electronic devices and military technology.The rare earths shown in this photo were not mined from Lumina.
Mark Adam Miller
As valuable as its mineral reserves are, Greenland is also home to about 56,000 people, some of whom worry about the environmental implications of a mining gold rush.A miner at Lumina.