Australia Day protesters demand Indigenous rights
Crowds took to the streets in Sydney, Melbourne, Canberra, Perth and other cities on Australia Day, many with banners proclaiming: "Always was, always will be Aboriginal land".
In Sydney, police allowed the protests to go ahead despite new curbs introduced after gunmen opened fire on a Jewish Hanukkah festival on Bondi Beach on December 14, killing 15 people.
Millions of Australians celebrate the annual holiday with beers and backyard barbecues or a day by the sea, and this year a broad heatwave was forecast to push the temperature in South Australian capital Adelaide to 45C.
Shark sightings forced people out of the water at several beaches in and around Sydney, however, after a string of shark attacks in the region this month -- including one that led to the death of a 12-year-old boy.
Many activists describe the January 26, 1788, British landing as "Invasion Day", a moment that ushered in a period of oppression, lost lands, massacres and Indigenous children being removed from their families.
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples make up about four percent of the population.
They still have a life expectancy eight years shorter than other Australians, higher rates of incarceration and deaths in custody, steeper youth unemployment and poorer education.
Anti-immigration protests
"Let's celebrate on another day, because everyone loves this country and everyone wants to celebrate. But we don't celebrate on a mourning day," Indigenous man Kody Bardy, 44, told AFP in Sydney.
Another Indigenous protester in Sydney, 23-year-old Reeyah Dinah Lotoanie, called for people to recognise that a genocide happened in Australia.
"Ships still came to Sydney and decided to kill so many of our people," she said.
Separately, thousands of people joined anti-immigration "March for Australia" protests in several cities, with police in Melbourne mobilising to keep the two demonstrations apart.
In Sydney, "March for Australia" protesters chanted, "Send them back." Some carried banners reading: "Stop importing terrorists" or "One flag, one country, one people".
"There's nowhere for people to live now, the hospitals are full, the roads are full, you've got people living on the streets," said one demonstrator, 66-year-old Rick Conners.
Several also held aloft placards calling for the release of high-profile neo-Nazi Joel Davis, who is in custody after being arrested in November on allegations of threatening a federal lawmaker.
"There will be no tolerance for violence or hate speech on Sydney streets," New South Wales Premier Chris Minns told reporters.
"We live in a beautiful, multicultural community with people from around the world, but we will not tolerate a situation where on Australia's national day, it's being pulled down by divisive language, hate speech or racism," he said.
"Police are ready and willing to engage with people that breach those rules."