From climate justice to opposing unilateral sanctions, New Delhi’s BRICS agenda collides with a US leadership bent on weaponizing trade and institutions
After hosting the 2023 G20 Summit, India has assumed the presidency of another important multilateral grouping, BRICS, starting January 1, 2026, and will host the 18th BRICS Summit later this year. India’s BRICS presidency comes at an inflection point in global politics – the transition toward multipolarity has become chaotic amid great power rivalries, the spirit of multilateralism is being challenged by unilateral impulses and BRICS is trying to manage its expansion process without losing its significance.
Multilateralism has been widely seen to be in decline as it has struggled to adapt to changing geopolitical circumstances. Interest-based and selective cooperation is now replacing the earlier universal rules-based multilateral cooperation. It is thus both a challenge and opportunity for India to steer the BRICS grouping under its presidency this year.
Priorities for India’s presidency
India’s 2026 BRICS presidency seeks to redefine BRICS through ‘Building Resilience and Innovation for Cooperation and Sustainability’. India will carry forward its 2023 G20 agenda with a people centric approach and ‘humanity first’ agenda. India will also look to build consensus to oppose unilateral actions to weaponize trade, technology and critical minerals.
India will continue to make efforts for reform of institutions of global governance instead of rejecting them, as is the case with the current US leadership.
Climate change will figure high in India’s priorities which will be based on ideas of climate justice, just and fair energy transition and strengthening climate finance for the Global South. India’s bid to host the COP33 in 2028 has been supported by the BRICS partners. It is also an attempt by India to reframe climate governance away from emission targets alone and toward development-centered climate action.
Another issue that could become prominent during India’s BRICS presidency is terrorism. In the initial years of BRICS, terrorism was a marginal and generic issue. BRICS statements were broad and declaratory in nature. Under its past presidencies, India framed terrorism as a common threat that needs collective action. Any real benefits on terrorism are unlikely to come India’s way, especially as China shields Pakistan from any Indian attempt to target Pakistan via BRICS on terrorism. At best, BRICS could become a norm setting and signaling platform against terrorism.
Since 2023, BRICS has been focused on the expansion process. The new members include Iran, Egypt, Ethiopia, the UAE and Indonesia. The expansion process, however, has raised some concerns about efficiency, criteria, internal cohesion and identity of BRICS. India supports BRICS expansion based on consensus among members. The expansion, however, should not be used for geopolitical purposes and should not dilute BRICS core identity of being an economic and Global South platform.
Challenges for the bloc in 2026
The biggest challenge to BRICS comes from the administration of US President Donald Trump in the US, which sees BRICS as a threat to America’s interests. The previous US administrations under Obama and Biden were cautious but not openly hostile toward BRICS. However, Trump has identified BRICS as ‘an attack on the US dollar’. He has even threatened to impose 100% tariffs on the BRICS countries.
The US will hold the G20 presidency in 2026 – a development that could indirectly impact India’s BRICS presidency. After four consecutive G20 summits under Global South countries, there is a concern that the agenda could shift from the priorities of the Global South to America First.
The issues important for the Global South – climate change, sustainability, debt, inequality and development – are already out of the American G20 agenda. In this scenario, there is likely to be a competition between India led BRICS and the US led G20 in terms of agenda and narrative setting. Through its BRICS leadership, India will have to ensure that the Global South agenda is not marginalized.
BRICS can be a platform through which these countries can coordinate a unified response to Trump’s tariffs against member states. They could also explore ideas like increasing intra-BRICS trade to lessen dependence on the US market, trade in local currencies, reconfiguration of supply chains in favor of BRICS and lowering barriers to intra-BRICS trade. BRICS can be a useful platform to mitigate the challenges posed to member states by Trump’s tariffs. For India, the BRICS presidency will be an opportunity to demonstrate support for rules-based trade and multilateralism.
In general, BRICS aligns closely with India’s foreign policy priorities: maintaining strategic autonomy, facilitating the rise of a multipolar world, allowing access to ‘non-Western’ financial institutions, highlighting India as a leading voice of the Global South on issues such as climate change, sustainable development and reform of global governance institutions such as the UN Security Council, World Bank, and International Monetary Fund.
Through its BRICS presidency in 2026, India will seek to set an example of normative leadership based on equality and consensus, one that does not seek self-interest and hegemony but common good. India will also play a critical role in shaping the post-expansion BRICS agenda. India will have to use its G20 experience to harmonize interests between the old and new members on various issues. New Delhi is likely to avoid an overtly confrontational approach through BRICS and will focus on developmental issues in order to balance its relations with major powers and to place issues of the Global South at the center of BRICS agenda.