Where are all the aliens: Fermi’s Paradox explained

PARIS: Astronomers raised hopes that humanity might not be alone in the universe by announcing on Thursday they have detected the most promising hints yet of life on a distant planet. But given the age and vastness of the universe, a different question has long puzzled some scientists: why haven’t we already come in contact with aliens?

“Where is everybody?” Enrico Fermi asked fellow famous physicists including Edward Teller over lunch in 1950. This quandary was named Fermi’s Paradox.

“It’s a numbers game,” Jason Wright, the director of the extraterrestrial intelligence centre at Pennsylvania State University, said. The Milky Way is around 10 billion years old and is home to more than 100 billion stars.

This suggests there is likely a mind-boggling number of potentially habitable planets in our home galaxy alone. That could include K2-18b, where astronomers said they have detected signs of a chemical that is only produced by microbial life on Earth.

Wright said Fermi’s Paradox essentially suggests that — given enough time — “every alien species will eventually have their own Elon Musk who will go out and settle the next star over”. That we have not yet heard from aliens is known as “the mystery of the great silence”.

So what are the theories?

At least 75 speculative solutions to Fermi’s Paradox have been proposed so far, according to a 2015 book, though Wright guessed more have been added since.

First, it is possible that humanity has not yet detected alien life because there isn’t any — we are truly alone. Many scientists feel this is unlikely.

Some 87 per cent of over 1,000 scientists in relevant fields surveyed in Nature Astronomy earlier this year agreed there is at least a basic form of extraterrestrial life. More than 67pc agreed that intelligent aliens are out there.

Of course, it is also possible that aliens are already here and we have not noticed — or that it has been covered up. Or interstellar space could just be too difficult to traverse, the distances too vast, the resources needed too great.

What if there is a ‘great filter’?

Another theory is that there is some kind of “great filter” that prevents life — or intelligent life — from occurring in the first place. Or perhaps there is some kind of barrier that stops civilisations from advancing beyond a certain point.

For example, once civilisations develop the technology to travel through space, they might tend to destroy themselves with something like nuclear weapons. Or maybe they burn through their planet’s natural resources, or make their climate unliveable.

Some of these theories seem to be influenced by fears for human civilisation — the one example we have of intelligent life. But Wright felt this was unlikely because any such barrier would have to be the same across the whole universe.

It would also have to make the species go totally extinct every time, otherwise they would eventually bounce back and try again at space travel.

Why would they all be the same?

But there is a big problem with many of these “so-called solutions,” Wright said. They tend to assume that all the hypothetical kinds of aliens across the universe would all behave in the same way — forever. This has been dubbed the “monocultural fallacy”.

Wright, who has used SETI telescopes to search for radio signals or lasers from the stars, also pushed back against the idea that humanity would necessarily have already picked up on any alien signal. Aliens could be sending out messages using all sorts of unknown technology, so maybe the galaxy is not as silent as we think, he said.

“Those of us looking for life in the universe generally don’t think of the Fermi paradox or the great silence as such a big problem.”

Published in Dawn, April 18th, 2025