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Venus wasnt always hell, scientists say. It may have had beaches.

It's possible that Venus and Earth once simultaneously existed as pleasant worlds hosting mild temperatures and oceans.

Then, something went awry.

In new research, planetary scientists simulated how Venusian conditions today — with pizza oven-like temperatures, a crushing atmosphere, and past evidence of widespread volcanism — came to be. The results suggest that Venus, over a series of massive volcanic outgassing events and other geologic changes, transitioned from an Earth-like world to the hellish land we see today. Even the longest-lived robot sent to Venus survived for just two hours.

"It's hot enough to melt lead," Matthew Weller, a planetary geophysicist at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute who coauthored the new research, told Mashable. "It's a very unpleasant place to be."

The study has been published in the peer-reviewed journal Science Advances.

Venus and Earth, although they've taken two dramatically different climatic roads, are considered sibling planets. They're about the same size. They're made out of the same rocky stuff. They both dwell in the inner part of the solar system. So what happened?

"You have these two planets sitting there, and then one spins off in another direction," Weller explained.

We can't, of course, go back in time to find out why. Nor can we send geologists there to sleuth the Venusian past. But the researchers used advanced computer simulations — which created 3D spherical models of geologic activity on Venus— of how the hot rock convecting beneath the surface, called the mantle, broke Venus' crust and ultimately drove the harsh outcomes present today. "Venus basically baked itself," Weller said.

"Venus basically baked itself."

Running the models showed that a once temperate, Earth-like Venus experienced a series of "stairstep" events, wherein deep interior motions rupturing the crust allowed for volcanism to reach Venus' surface. This led to molten rock resurfacing the planet and massive volcanic outgassing to fill the atmosphere, creating immense surface pressure. Over multiple periods of some 60 million years, each outgassing episode could have added three to 10 times more atmospheres (an atmosphere, or atm, is a unit of pressure representing one atmosphere on Earth) to Venus' atmosphere. Today, the pressure on the Venusian surface is 92 bars, or 1,350 psi. "To put this into context, imagine having 1,350 pounds (over 600 kilograms) resting on one square inch of your body; it would be like having a small car sitting on your thumbnail," the Planetary Society explains.

A conceptual illustration showing expansive oceans on Venus long ago. Credit: NASA
Venus as viewed from NASA's Mariner 10 spacecraft in 1974. Credit: NASA / JPL-Caltech

It's unknown when, exactly, these planet-altering events began. It could have been several billion years ago, or much more "recently" at hundreds of millions of years ago. But, for many eons, both Earth and Venus may have hosted expansive oceans and balmy temperatures, with water rippling onto shorelines. And they would have been just some 67 million miles apart from each other (a minute cosmic distance).

"It's possible both were habitable," Weller said.  

Importantly, the Venus-Earth dichotomy reveals how much a planet can change. An exoplanet we see today, many light-years away in deep space, may look completely different in the future. Or Earth, without being pummeled by a colossal asteroid, could markedly transform, too. "Planets change dramatically over time," Weller emphasized. "It shows how easy it is for an Earth-like planet to become like Venus."

"It shows how easy it is for an Earth-like planet to become like Venus."

The "million-dollar question," however, is what initially pushed Venus onto this trajectory of repeated episodes of extreme volcanism, surface rupturing, and prodigious outgassing. It could have been an extremely large eruptive event at the wrong time that fed into a runaway cycle. Geologically, a world's atmosphere and inner-workings are inextricably connected, as conditions in the atmosphere influence what transpires below a planet's surface. For example, on Earth, rock weathering, over hundreds of millions of years, removes heat-trapping carbon dioxide from the air, acting to stabilize the climate. On Venus, dramatically cranking up surface temperature can kill plate tectonics, Weller explained, shutting off a planet's ability to stabilize itself.

This could have pushed Venus to veer sharply from its Earthly environs. And as the researchers simulated, it couldn't turn around.

In the coming years, Venus may grow much less mystifying. A NASA mission called DAVINCI — short for Deep Atmosphere Venus Investigation of Noble gases, Chemistry, and Imaging — will drop a three-foot-wide titanium sphere through Venus' thick clouds. Over the course of just an hour, the probe will ingest gases, run experiments, and show us what Venusian mountains actually look like. It will dramatically improve our understanding of Venus, and why it's so unlike its rocky "twin," Earth.

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Ревматолог: "2 апреля 2024 в г.Колумбус запущена квота"

Каждый человек с больными суставами имеет право получить...






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  • ИП Попов А.П.
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Ревматолог: "2 апреля 2024 в г.Колумбус запущена квота"

Каждый человек с больными суставами имеет право получить...


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  • ИП Попов А.П.
  • ИНН: 602715631406
Ревматолог: "2 апреля 2024 в г.Колумбус запущена квота"

Каждый человек с больными суставами имеет право получить...

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Tesla shares sink as deliveries miss forecasts by 'wide margin': report

Tesla CEO Elon Musk's losing streak continued on Wednesday.

Hours after Republicans in Wisconsin lost a state Supreme Court race in Wisconsin where Musk spent tens of millions of dollars of his own money, shares of his flagship electric car company fell upon news that it had badly missed Wall Street estimates for the number of vehicles it had delivered in the first quarter of 2025.

As reported by Market Watch, Tesla revealed that "it delivered more than 336,000 vehicles during the first quarter, down from 387,000 deliveries a year ago."

To put this number into context, Market Watch notes that it "was well below the average analyst estimate compiled by FactSet of 404,000 vehicles" and it "was also lower than the 'whisper' number, or what Wall Street was quietly expecting, with even the most bullish analyst projecting a number in the 360,000 range."

ALSO READ: 'Mad king': Trump baffles observers by suggesting he'll tariff illegal drugs

Although Tesla blamed the disappointing deliveries on what Market Watch describes as "the changeover to refreshed Model Y production lines" that "led to several weeks of lost production," it's also a reality that the company has been the target of a concerted boycott campaign led by progressive groups to protest Musk's role as the head of President Donald Trump's Department of Government Efficiency.

Sales of Tesla in Europe have fallen off a cliff in recent months, as car buyers on that continent have revolted against Musk's support for far-right political parties such as Germany's Alternative für Deutschland.

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