The M1 Garand Was Truly Iconic, But Does It Live Up to the Hype?

The historical significance of the M1 Garand can't be overstated. It was the first semi-automatic military rifle to be employed as a standard shoulder weapon, a point that was quite notable at the time. While movies and video games may suggest that the average German or Soviet soldier carried a submachine gun—respectively the MP40 or PPSh-41—the truth is that throughout World War II, most infantrymen were armed with a bolt action rifle that featured a magazine of just five rounds.

Those rifles were slightly shorter in length than the rifles that had been carried in the trenches of World War I, but the technology was otherwise not improved.

The U.S. infantryman by comparison was equipped with the M1 Garand, which in addition to being semi-automatic—offering a higher rate of fire—held eight rounds. As it was fed by en bloc clips, it was also quicker to reload than the bolt-action rifles. And for the record, while video games suggest it wasn't possible to "top off" the M1 Garand, operators could eject a partially expended clip and put in a full one.

An Innovative Firearm

A common misconception is that the M1 Garand was the first successful semi-automatic rifle, if not the first actual auto-loading rifle. Both are incorrect. The latter distinction of the first auto-loader goes to the Mannlicher Model 85, which was the first rifle to employ the recoil to load the next cartridge into the chamber. However, it was far from "successful," as it often jammed and fouled quickly—the latter due to the black powder ammunition of the era.

John Browning's Remington Model 8 earns the distinction of being the first proven semi-automatic rifle and was noted for being reliable and accurate. Yet, the Model 8 was also complex in design and not ideally suited to military use.

Following World War I, various militaries continued to work on the auto-loading concept including the United States, which in the 1930s sought to develop a simple, accurate, and rugged semi-automatic rifle. Several rifles were tested, but Canadian-born John C. Garand's design won out.

Noted firearms expert Ian Hogg described the operation of the M1 Garand in his book Guns and How They Work, writing:

"Originally developed in .276in caliber, it was changed to .30in due to ammunition availability. Operation of the Garand was by a gas piston below the barrel which drove an operating rod. This, by means of a cam, rotated the bolt to unlock it, and thrust it back to open the breach and eject the spent case. A return spring around the piston rod then pulled the rod and bolt back, stripping a round from the magazine and chambering it before rotating to lock it. A hammer, cocked by the returning bolt, was then released by the trigger to strike a firing pin inside the bolt."

Though Hogg's explanation is complex, the operation was fairly straightforward: The M1 Garand proved to be well-suited to coming conflict.

Yes, Patton Loved It

No reporting on the M1 Garand's historical significance would be complete without looking into the praise offered to the firearm by General George S. Patton. "Old Blood and Guts" is often quoted as saying "In my opinion, the M-1 Rifle is the greatest battle implement ever devised."

Now to set the record straight, Patton actually wrote those words in a letter to Major General Levin H. Campbell, Jr., the U.S. War Department's chief of ordnance.

The letter also went on to state, "However, my admiration for Ordnance products does not stop with the M-1 rifle. Our machine guns, mortars, artillery, and tanks are without equal on the battlefields of the world. In the hands of the unconquerable veterans now composing our armies, the utter destruction of the armed forces of our enemies is certain."

Patton's reason for writing the letter to Campbell is unclear, but there is a simple explanation.

Despite the myth that Patton was some kind of military leader who played by his own rules (like too many movie police detectives); the truth is that he was a career military officer who rose through the ranks not only for his leadership skills but also understanding how to "play the game." You don't become a four-star general by being a troublemaker and certainly not by making enemies among the other generals.

Had Patton been discussing military hardware with General Henry "Hap" Arnold, chief of the U.S. Army Air Forces, Old Blood and Guts might have praised the B-17 Flying Fortress instead.

So was Patton just kissing butt or did he really see the M1 Garand as a super weapon? Well, it was probably somewhere in the middle.

The M1 Garand Was Also Quickly Outdated

The timing of Patton's letter to Campbell is also notable as he wrote it in January 1945, by which time his soldiers would have certainly encountered the German StG44—the world's first assault rifle. History doesn't note whether Patton personally handled the German-made firearm, but it is fair to suggest that the StG44 was the future, not the M1 Garand.

Therefore we should accept that Patton's praise of the M1 Garand was piled on a bit thick, yet, there is no denying that the rifle certainly arrived at just the right time. It was developed in the 1930s, even as the United States was hell-bent on staying out of another European conflict (let alone a world war that would see its troops sent to the Pacific).

Much like a lot of the military hardware of World War II—everything from the M1 Garand to the M4 Sherman tank to the B-17 Flying Fortress bomber to the U.S. Navy's Iowa-class battleships—what was cutting-edge at the start of the war was a bit antiquated by the time the dust settled. The M1 Garand provided greater firepower to the infantryman than the bolt action rifles, but the German military responded with its own semi-automatic rifle, the K43/G43, as well as the aforementioned StG44. That latter firearm was studied by the Soviet Red Army and even if not copied directly, it certainly was reviewed during the development of the AK-47.

The United States missed the memo on assault rifles, however, and continued to employ the M1 Garand in the Korean War. Production of the M1 Garand was restarted to meet the demand, and in total more than five million were produced. The United States military then began the development of the M14, which was essentially an evolutionary step forward in battle rifle design, before changing course and adopting the AR15/M16.

The M1: Respected, Loved, and Collected

Today, the M1 Garand remains an especially sought-after rifle—in part because those movies, TV shows, and video games have reminded contemporary shooters that this was the firearm that the Greatest Generation carried to win World War II and save democracy.

Yet, there was a time when it wasn't all that popular.

In the years after World War II, the vast majority of GIs, Marines, and other servicemembers who returned to civilian life probably saw little need for a semi-automatic rifle. Hunters preferred bolt-action rifles that could be fitted with a scope, and that fact at least partially explains the move to "sporterize" military surplus rifles in the decades after the war.

It was only as time passed that there was renewed interest in all things World War II. The latest wave certainly began with the release of films like Saving Private Ryan in 1997, followed by HBO's Band of Brothers in 2001. Video games then introduced a new generation to the World War II firearm, while also offering some now commonly-believed myths—notably that you'd hear that infamous "ping" sound when the en bloc clip was ejected from the receiver!

Likewise, though some communities, notably New York City, have a ban on the M1 Garand, it is legal in many states where AR15s and other modern sporting rifles are now illegal to own. Interestingly, the rationale for the Big Apple's ban is based on the fact that the M-5 Bayonet attaches to the gas cylinder lock screw. Any semi-auto rifle with a "bayonet mount" is defined as an "assault weapon" in New York City and subsequently banned.

Today, shooters continue to praise the M1 Garand because it is fairly easy to maintain—as long as you're careful, otherwise, you could end up with "Garand thumb"—while it remains an accurate range gun that can handle all types of weather. It shoots as well in the sweltering summer as it does in the freezing winter.

The interest in the M1 Garand has driven up the prices considerably, however.

It has also presented a few issues along the way—notably, vintage M1 Garands, which are now upwards of eighty years old, shouldn't be used with some modern ammunition. The issue is that modern hunting .30/06 loads, those with 180-grain or heavier bullets and slower-burning propellants, will produce pressures that exceed what the M1 Garand was designed to handle. Shooters are therefore advised to be cautious in what rounds they use with their old rifles.

Yet, with proper ammunition, a well-maintained M1 Garand should operate as well today as it did when it was carried by those of the Greatest Generation during World War II.

Author Experience and Expertise: Peter Suciu

Peter Suciu is a Michigan-based writer. He has contributed to more than four dozen magazines, newspapers, and websites with over 3,200 published pieces over a twenty-year career in journalism. He regularly writes about military hardware, firearms history, cybersecurity, politics, and international affairs. Peter is also a Contributing Writer for Forbes and Clearance Jobs. You can follow him on Twitter: @PeterSuciu. You can email the author: Editor@nationalinterest.org.

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