How regenerative braking works in EVs and hybrids
By Arthur Michalik
As electric and hybrid vehicles continue to grow in popularity, consumers are becoming more interested in how these vehicles deliver impressive fuel efficiency and extended range.
One significant component is regenerative braking, a system that captures energy that would otherwise go to waste. By understanding how regenerative braking works, drivers can appreciate its benefits and how it contributes to greater efficiency.
Nuts and bolts of regenerative braking
In a conventional gasoline-powered car, truck or SUV, friction braking converts kinetic energy (energy from an object in motion) into heat, which dissipates and is lost. However, in many EVs and hybrids, regenerative braking converts that energy into electricity, which helps charge the battery.
When you press the brake pedal in an EV or hybrid, regenerative braking activates and the electric motor switches to act as a generator. Operating as a generator creates resistance, as the motor/generator works against the car’s motion to slow the vehicle down, converting kinetic energy into electricity and then routing it to the battery.
In EVs, the electricity captured helps extend the vehicle’s range, allowing you to drive further on a single charge. Some hybrids also benefit from this process by reducing gasoline use and boosting fuel efficiency.
Different EV and hybrid models offer varying levels of regenerative braking. Some cars allow drivers to adjust the intensity of regenerative braking, with higher levels providing stronger braking and greater energy recovery. This feature, often called one-pedal driving, lets drivers use the accelerator pedal to speed up and slow down the vehicle, further optimizing energy efficiency.
Benefits of regenerative braking
Regenerative braking provides several advantages for drivers of EVs and hybrids. From an environmental perspective, regenerative braking lowers a vehicle’s overall energy consumption, reducing its carbon footprint. In hybrids equipped with regenerative braking, drivers also benefit by using less gasoline, which helps lower emissions and supports greener driving habits.
As the electric motor handles much of the braking force, the physical brake components experience less friction and heat, resulting in longer-lasting brake pads and lower maintenance costs over the vehicle’s lifetime.
One caveat: When you apply the brakes in a car, truck or SUV with a traditional friction braking system, the vehicle stops quickly and effectively. However, regenerative brakes aren’t as effective for emergencies where a quick, complete stop is needed. That’s why hybrids and EVs typically combine regenerative and friction braking systems for optimal stopping performance.
Many popular EV and hybrid models use regenerative braking technology, including the Kia EV6, Tesla Model 3, and Ford Mustang Mach-E. Drivers of these vehicles often notice the smoother deceleration provided by the system, which differs from the more abrupt braking experience in gasoline-powered cars.
Getting the most out of regenerative braking
For drivers new to EVs and hybrids, regenerative braking may take a little getting used to. Here are some simple strategies to help you get the most out of your regenerative braking system and/or extend your range:
- If your vehicle has a dedicated regenerative braking mode, make sure it’s turned on.
- Avoid slamming on the brakes, whenever possible. Keep a healthy distance from the traffic in front of you and gently lift your foot off the accelerator to reduce your speed before you have to apply the brakes.
- Coast when you’re headed downhill to conserve energy
- Maximize city driving: Regenerative braking is most effective in stop-and-go traffic, so use it to your advantage in urban areas.
- Use downhill momentum: Engage regenerative braking when driving downhill to maintain speed and recharge the battery.
- Check settings: Some cars allow you to adjust the regenerative braking strength; opt for higher levels in congested areas for better efficiency.