March 2010 April 2010 May 2010 June 2010 July 2010
August 2010
September 2010 October 2010
November 2010
December 2010 January 2011 February 2011 March 2011 April 2011 May 2011 June 2011 July 2011 August 2011 September 2011 October 2011 November 2011 December 2011 January 2012 February 2012 March 2012 April 2012 May 2012 June 2012 July 2012 August 2012 September 2012 October 2012 November 2012 December 2012 January 2013 February 2013 March 2013 April 2013 May 2013 June 2013 July 2013 August 2013 September 2013 October 2013 November 2013 December 2013 January 2014 February 2014 March 2014 April 2014 May 2014 June 2014 July 2014 August 2014 September 2014 October 2014 November 2014 December 2014 January 2015 February 2015 March 2015 April 2015 May 2015 June 2015 July 2015 August 2015 September 2015 October 2015 November 2015 December 2015 January 2016 February 2016 March 2016 April 2016 May 2016 June 2016 July 2016 August 2016 September 2016 October 2016 November 2016 December 2016 January 2017 February 2017 March 2017 April 2017 May 2017 June 2017 July 2017 August 2017 September 2017 October 2017 November 2017 December 2017 January 2018 February 2018 March 2018 April 2018 May 2018 June 2018 July 2018 August 2018 September 2018 October 2018 November 2018 December 2018 January 2019 February 2019 March 2019 April 2019 May 2019 June 2019 July 2019 August 2019 September 2019 October 2019 November 2019 December 2019 January 2020 February 2020 March 2020 April 2020 May 2020 June 2020 July 2020 August 2020 September 2020 October 2020 November 2020 December 2020 January 2021 February 2021 March 2021 April 2021 May 2021 June 2021 July 2021 August 2021 September 2021 October 2021 November 2021 December 2021 January 2022 February 2022 March 2022 April 2022 May 2022 June 2022 July 2022 August 2022 September 2022 October 2022 November 2022 December 2022 January 2023 February 2023 March 2023 April 2023 May 2023 June 2023 July 2023 August 2023 September 2023 October 2023 November 2023 December 2023 January 2024 February 2024 March 2024 April 2024 May 2024 June 2024 July 2024 August 2024 September 2024 October 2024
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
31
News Every Day |

Encephalitis lethargica: the mysterious disease that inspired Awakenings is finally starting to give up some clues

“People have forgotten what life is all about,” Robert De Niro’s character says in the film Awakenings after being revived from the shut-down state he had been in for 30 years. “They’ve forgotten what it is to be alive.”

Based on a true story told by Dr Oliver Sacks, Awakenings focuses with exquisite detail on the experiences of a few extraordinary people affected by a disease known as encephalitis lethargica, or the “sleepy sickness”. Yet far from being a rarity, this disease affected a million people worldwide during and after the first world war. Then it vanished and has remained a mystery for the past century. The question that has never been answered is: what caused it?

The disease was first described by a neurologist in Vienna in 1917. It was noted that the initial symptoms were similar to those of flu, but that’s where the similarities ended. Over the next few weeks, some would be unable to sleep at all, while others would be so drowsy they could be woken for only a few minutes to eat.

About half died in this early phase, but those who survived were even more perplexing. After recovering, often returning to work, many started to notice stiffness, slowness in their movements and even that their eyes would get stuck in certain positions. Sadly, this slowly progressed. And many were left – like De Niro’s character – in a frozen state, unable to speak or move.

But that wasn’t all. Many would develop monotonous or slurred speech. Some had changes to their mood, perceptions and personality. In a study my colleagues and I conducted, we even came across four patients who developed kleptomania (compulsive stealing) as part of their illness.

What could have caused this?

Finding the origin of a disease isn’t as straightforward as it sounds. HIV as a cause of Aids or HPV causing cervical cancer were both long journeys and were not at all obvious early on. It’s the same with encephalitis lethargica.

Given that it started suddenly and then went away, some have suggested it might be related to an infection. Spanish flu occurred around the same time, although the first cases of encephalitis lethargica were earlier. We haven’t found any influenza virus in the brains of people who were affected, so it doesn’t quite fit in a simple way.

To look at what might be going on, we spent hours reading through the meticulously preserved records of more than 600 patients who had encephalitis lethargica. We found that only 32% of them had had anything even remotely like flu in the year before their illness started. And less than 1% had an affected family member. So the flu infection story isn’t very convincing – at least on its own.

What about something in the environment? 1917 was a fairly eventful year – to say the least – with the first world war involving an enormous mobilisation of people, arms and supplies. Perhaps it was some new chemical being used. Yet our study found no link to people who worked with particular substances.

More recently, a new theory for encephalitis lethargica has been proposed. The idea is that there might be an autoimmune process involved – that is, the body’s natural defence mechanisms might have turned on itself and attacked the brain.

This happens elsewhere in the body. A reaction against cells in the pancreas causes type 1 diabetes, while antibodies to cells in the thyroid gland can trigger Graves’ disease. In the brain, the results can be devastating, and in recent years, we have recognised that multiple sclerosis also results from a problem with the immune system.

Something called autoimmune encephalitis is where certain antibodies attack nerve cells in the brain. We found that almost half of the patients diagnosed with encephalitis lethargica might have had autoimmune encephalitis, though it didn’t fit the pattern for any of the types we recognise today.

How could this explain a disease that arose out of nowhere and caused such a range of symptoms? Some patients found that their movements and thoughts were massively slowed down. Others hallucinated, had bizarre delusions or even seemed to lose their sense of right and wrong.

This is where we may have to return to the idea of an infection, either flu or something else. Some autoimmune conditions can be triggered by an infection of some kind, which may look a bit like something the body is familiar with. It’s a good disguise for the invading bug, but once your body has recognised it, there’s a risk it turns the body’s defences on itself.

Does this all really matter? Is it worth solving a pandemic where the last survivor died two decades ago? Well, sadly, encephalitis lethargica wasn’t the first neurological epidemic of its kind and – if we don’t crack it – we won’t be prepared for the next.

Jonathan Rogers has received funding from the Wellcome Trust and NIHR. He is a Council member for the British Association for Psychopharmacology, an Advisor to the Global Neuropsychiatry Group and a member of the Medical Advisory Board of the Catatonia Foundation.

Москва

День рождения музея «АТОМ» при поддержке Детского радио

Lindsay Hubbard's Baby Shower Details Revealed, Including Which 'Summer House' Co-Stars Attend

You need the eyes of a movie hero to spot the 5 horror villains lurking near the crime scene in under 90 secs

Bay Area high school football: Weekend scoreboard, how Top 25 fared

Revealed: SC Freedom Caucus leader had numerous electronics seized by federal officers

Ria.city






Read also

Stockport County 4-1 Reading: Player Ratings

Walz mocks Trump's age at Georgia rally, says he 'does qualify for Social Security'

Francis Ford Coppola Named as AFI’s 50th Life Achievement Award Honoree

News, articles, comments, with a minute-by-minute update, now on Today24.pro

News Every Day

Bay Area high school football: Weekend scoreboard, how Top 25 fared

Today24.pro — latest news 24/7. You can add your news instantly now — here


News Every Day

Lindsay Hubbard's Baby Shower Details Revealed, Including Which 'Summer House' Co-Stars Attend



Sports today


Новости тенниса
ATP

Вена (ATP). 1/2 финала. Музетти встретится с Дрэйпером



Спорт в России и мире
Москва

Слушатель «Авторадио» едет в Абу-Даби на «Формулу-1»



All sports news today





Sports in Russia today

Москва

Пловец Гончаров получил нейтральный статус от World Aquatics


Новости России

Game News

Cancel your weekend plans because this cozy cowboy life sim just went into open beta and you can play it for free


Russian.city


Архангельск

Ноябрьский вечер....


Губернаторы России
Росгвардия

В преддверии профессионального праздника начальник Управления вневедомственной охраны Чувашии стал гостем программы «В эфире Росгвардия»


В Мытищах состоялась отчетно-выборная конференция профсоюза жизнеобеспечения

В Мытищах состоялась отчетно-выборная конференция профсоюза жизнеобеспечения

Карта, деньги, два ребенка: как мошенники наживаются на желании стать матерью

Что ChatGPT знает о вас? Станислав Дмитриевич Кондрашов делится наблюдениями


Дирижер Башмет добился выселения из квартиры прежних жильцов

В музее Нью-Йорка найдена рукопись неизвестного вальса Шопена

Рисунок лидера группы «Кино» Цоя продали на аукционе более чем за ₽8 млн

«Больнее родов»: Певица Адель частично оглохла из-за инфекции


София Кенин впервые за 13 месяцев вышла в финал WTA и вернётся в топ-100

Вена (ATP). 1/2 финала. Музетти встретится с Дрэйпером

Хачанов победил де Минора и вышел в финал турнира ATP в Вене

Теннисистки Соболенко и Рыбакина сыграют в одной группе на Итоговом турнире



Лидером по наличию мусорных контейнеров стала Амурская область

Слушатель «Авторадио» едет в Абу-Даби на «Формулу-1»

День рождения музея «АТОМ» при поддержке Детского радио

В Мытищах состоялась отчетно-выборная конференция профсоюза жизнеобеспечения


Лавров: слова Трампа о разговоре с Путиным нужно оценивать в контексте выборов

Клинский росгвардеец стал победителем в «Гиревом спорте»

Путин заявил о заинтересованности России в совместных кинопроектах с Китаем

Турция предложила замену ушедшей из России американской кинопродукции


Вода равно жизнь: сколько жидкости в сутки должен потреблять человек

Охочие до тыквы: самые популярные у россиян блюда с этим сезонным овощем

Томич получил 3 года колонии за попытку взломать банкомат болгаркой

С 20 ноября снова сократится количество рейсов с Камчатки в Москву



Путин в России и мире






Персональные новости Russian.city
Noize MC

Полиция привлекла к ответственности рэпера Noize MC* за дискредитацию ВС РФ



News Every Day

Lindsay Hubbard's Baby Shower Details Revealed, Including Which 'Summer House' Co-Stars Attend




Friends of Today24

Музыкальные новости

Персональные новости