Democracy Under Siege – OpEd
In recent years, political polarization has become a defining feature of many democracies across the globe. Once hailed as the ultimate form of government, democracy is now facing serious challenges from within, as extreme partisanship and ideological divides weaken its very foundations. The growing inability of people, political parties, and institutions to find common ground has led to gridlock, institutional decay, and the erosion of social trust. The question many are asking is whether democracy can survive this era of heightened polarization, or if it will continue to be eroded by these forces.
Political polarization refers to the deepening ideological divide between different political factions, where individuals, political parties, and media outlets adopt increasingly extreme and opposing positions on key issues. This growing chasm makes it difficult for consensus to be reached, or for meaningful cooperation between opposing sides. While political disagreements are inherent in any democratic society, the polarization we are witnessing today is distinct in its intensity and scope.
The causes of this polarization are complex, but some key factors include the rise of identity politics, the impact of social media and fragmented information environments, economic inequality, and the decline of trust in traditional institutions. Political polarization has intensified to such an extent that it threatens the very core of democratic governance: the ability to work through differences through debate, compromise, and mutual respect.
At the heart of democracy are certain norms that guide how political actors behave, such as respect for free and fair elections, a commitment to the rule of law, and a willingness to accept the legitimacy of one’s political opponents. Polarization undermines these norms by transforming politics into a zero-sum game, where the success of one’s opponents is viewed not just as a political loss, but as an existential threat.
In highly polarized environments, political actors often become willing to break democratic norms in order to secure victory or protect their interests. This has been observed in several countries where leaders have attempted to weaken independent judiciaries, suppress opposition voices, or manipulate electoral processes to maintain power. In the U.S., for instance, the refusal by certain political factions to accept election results and the growing normalization of anti-democratic rhetoric have severely damaged the trust in democratic institutions.
Similarly, in countries like Brazil, Hungary, and Turkey, populist leaders have used polarization to their advantage, framing themselves as defenders of the “true” people against corrupt elites or dangerous outsiders. This narrative allows them to justify undermining democratic checks and balances, with the argument that such measures are necessary to protect the nation from existential threats. The erosion of democratic norms in these countries serves as a warning for other democracies, where polarization may lead to similar outcomes.
One of the primary drivers of political polarization has been the transformation of media, particularly with the rise of social media platforms. In the past, traditional media outlets, while not free from bias, operated within a framework of journalistic standards that attempted to provide balanced coverage of political events. However, the advent of social media has created echo chambers where individuals are increasingly exposed to information that aligns with their pre-existing views, reinforcing ideological divides.
Social media algorithms prioritize content that is emotionally charged and controversial, as these are more likely to generate user engagement. As a result, extreme viewpoints are amplified, while moderate perspectives are marginalized. This has contributed to the normalization of extremist rhetoric and has made it more difficult for individuals to engage with differing opinions. The spread of misinformation and disinformation on these platforms has further deepened mistrust in democratic institutions, as citizens become unsure of what to believe.
In countries like India and the Philippines, social media has been used as a tool by political actors to inflame ethnic and religious tensions, leading to increased polarization and violence. In other democracies, such as the United States and the United Kingdom, media fragmentation has led to the proliferation of hyper-partisan news outlets, which present biased or misleading narratives that further entrench political divisions.
As political polarization intensifies, the ability of governments to function effectively diminishes. In polarized societies, legislative bodies often become gridlocked, as opposing political factions refuse to compromise or cooperate. This gridlock leads to a lack of policy progress, which can exacerbate social and economic problems, further eroding public trust in government institutions.
For example, in the United States, polarization has made it increasingly difficult for Congress to pass meaningful legislation, particularly on contentious issues like immigration, healthcare, and gun control. This inability to address pressing societal problems has left many citizens disillusioned with democracy and more willing to entertain radical or authoritarian alternatives.
In other countries, polarization has led to the collapse of coalition governments or the inability to form stable governing majorities. This has been observed in countries such as Israel and Italy, where deeply divided political landscapes have resulted in frequent elections and unstable governments. Such instability can weaken the effectiveness of democratic institutions and create openings for anti-democratic actors to seize power.
One of the most concerning developments in highly polarized societies is the rise of populism. Populist leaders thrive in polarized environments, as they present themselves as the voice of the "common people" against corrupt elites or dangerous "others." By exploiting these divisions, populists often succeed in undermining democratic institutions and consolidating power.
Leaders like Donald Trump in the United States, Jair Bolsonaro in Brazil, Viktor Orbán in Hungary, and Recep Tayyip Erdoğan in Turkey have used populist rhetoric to deepen political polarization, portraying their opponents as enemies of the people. This narrative not only fuels polarization but also provides justification for eroding democratic checks and balances, such as undermining judicial independence or restricting press freedom.
In countries where populist leaders have gained power, democratic backsliding has become a serious concern. Hungary, once considered a model of democratic transition, has seen significant erosion of democratic norms under Orbán's leadership, as his government has systematically dismantled checks on executive power. Turkey, once a vibrant democracy, has seen similar trends under Erdoğan, who has used polarization to justify crackdowns on opposition voices and media outlets.
While political polarization has become particularly pronounced in certain democracies, it is a global phenomenon that affects both established and emerging democratic systems. In Europe, countries like Poland and France have seen rising political divisions, often driven by debates over immigration, national identity, and economic inequality. In Latin America, political polarization has led to social unrest and political instability in countries like Venezuela and Bolivia.
Even in countries with relatively strong democratic institutions, such as Canada and Germany, polarization is beginning to take root, fueled by debates over issues like climate change, migration, and economic inequality. The global spread of polarization suggests that no democracy is immune to these forces, and that addressing them will require coordinated efforts across borders.
The question facing many democracies today is whether they can survive the forces of political polarization. While the challenges are daunting, there are reasons for cautious optimism. In some countries, civil society organizations, independent media outlets, and judicial institutions have managed to push back against attempts to undermine democratic norms.
Rebuilding trust in democratic institutions will require addressing the root causes of polarization. This includes reforming media environments to reduce the spread of misinformation, addressing economic inequality, and fostering inclusive political discourse. Additionally, political leaders must commit to upholding democratic norms, even when it is politically expedient to do otherwise.
Ultimately, the survival of democracy will depend on the ability of societies to bridge their divides and find common ground. While political polarization may be a defining feature of the current era, it does not have to be an inevitable fate for democracies worldwide.
Political polarization poses a significant threat to the survival of democratic institutions worldwide. The erosion of democratic norms, fueled by media fragmentation, populism, and economic inequality, has led to gridlock, institutional decay, and a loss of public trust. While the challenges are immense, addressing the root causes of polarization and rebuilding democratic norms is essential if democracy is to endure in the face of these forces. The future of democracy depends on the ability of citizens, political leaders, and institutions to navigate this polarized era while upholding the values that form the foundation of democratic governance.